NdFeB Market latest Statistics on Market Size, Growth, Production, Sales Volume, Sales Price, Market Share and Import vs Export
- Published 2026
- No of Pages: 120
- 20% Customization available
NdFeB Market Summary Highlights
The NdFeB Market is demonstrating strong structural growth driven by electrification trends, renewable energy capacity expansion, and increasing demand for high-performance permanent magnets across advanced manufacturing sectors. Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnets remain the strongest commercially available permanent magnets, making them essential in electric vehicles (EVs), wind turbine generators, robotics, consumer electronics, and industrial automation systems.
The NdFeB Market is entering a supply-constrained growth phase as demand from EV traction motors and offshore wind installations is expanding faster than rare earth mining and refining capacity. This imbalance is pushing manufacturers toward recycling strategies, magnet efficiency improvements, and supply chain localization initiatives.
From a quantitative perspective, the NdFeB Market Size is estimated to reach approximately USD 24.8 billion in 2025, with projections indicating expansion to nearly USD 42.6 billion by 2032, reflecting a projected CAGR of around 8.1%–8.8% during the forecast period. Volume demand is projected to exceed 285,000 metric tons by 2026, supported primarily by transportation electrification and grid modernization investments.
Asia Pacific continues to dominate the NdFeB Market with over 78% production concentration in 2025, largely due to China’s vertically integrated rare earth ecosystem. Meanwhile, North America and Europe are accelerating domestic magnet production investments to reduce strategic dependence on imports.
NdFeB Market key statistical observations (2025–2032 projections):
- NdFeB Market value projected at USD 24.8 billion in 2025 and forecast to surpass USD 30.5 billion by 2027
- NdFeB Market expected to grow at approximately 8.5% CAGR between 2026 and 2034
- Electric vehicles expected to account for nearly 38% of NdFeB Market demand by 2026, compared to 31% in 2024
- Wind energy applications projected to represent 19% share of NdFeB Market volume by 2027
- Asia Pacific projected to maintain over 75% NdFeB Market manufacturing share through 2030
- Global NdFeB magnet consumption expected to reach 310,000 metric tons by 2028
- Recycling contribution to NdFeB Market supply projected to rise from 3.5% in 2025 to nearly 9% by 2032
- Industrial automation sector projected to grow NdFeB Market demand by 11.2% annually through 2029
- High-temperature grade NdFeB magnets expected to grow faster at 9.4% CAGR
- NdFeB Market Size contribution from energy transition applications projected to exceed 52% by 2030
Electrification of Transportation Accelerating NdFeB Market Demand
The rapid electrification of transportation is emerging as the most influential growth driver for the NdFeB Market. Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM), widely used in electric vehicles, require high-performance NdFeB magnets due to their superior magnetic energy density and efficiency characteristics.
For instance, a typical battery electric vehicle uses between 1.5 kg and 2.5 kg of NdFeB magnets, depending on motor design. With global EV production projected to reach 21.5 million units in 2026, compared to an estimated 17.2 million in 2025, the NdFeB Market is seeing proportional increases in magnet consumption.
Growth statistics further demonstrate structural demand expansion:
- EV production expected to grow at 18% annually between 2025 and 2028
- Electric drivetrain adoption projected to increase NdFeB Market magnet consumption by over 32,000 metric tons between 2025 and 2029
- Hybrid vehicles expected to maintain steady demand with approximately 0.8–1.2 kg magnet usage per vehicle
For example, automotive OEMs are increasingly adopting high-efficiency traction motors to improve range performance. This trend is directly increasing demand for dysprosium-enhanced NdFeB magnets capable of operating at higher temperatures.
Furthermore, commercial vehicle electrification is expanding the NdFeB Market. Electric buses, for instance, require 4–6 kg of NdFeB magnets per unit, while electric delivery trucks require approximately 3–5 kg, significantly increasing per-vehicle material intensity compared to passenger vehicles.
This structural shift indicates the NdFeB Market will remain strongly correlated with EV drivetrain production growth rather than overall vehicle production volumes.
Renewable Energy Expansion Strengthening NdFeB Market Growth
Renewable energy deployment is another major structural driver supporting the NdFeB Market. Direct-drive wind turbines utilize NdFeB magnets to eliminate gearbox systems, improving reliability and reducing maintenance costs.
Wind energy capacity additions are projected to reach:
- 142 GW new installations in 2025
- 156 GW in 2026
- Over 180 GW annually by 2028
Direct drive offshore turbines can require between 600 kg and 2,000 kg of NdFeB magnets per turbine, depending on generator capacity.
For instance:
- A 10 MW offshore turbine may require nearly 1.8 tons of NdFeB magnets
- A 15 MW turbine may require nearly 2.5 tons
As offshore wind capacity expands, magnet intensity per installation is also increasing due to larger turbine sizes.
Key renewable energy growth indicators impacting the NdFeB Market include:
- Offshore wind installations projected to grow 13.6% annually through 2030
- Direct drive turbine adoption expected to exceed 41% penetration by 2028
- Wind generator NdFeB consumption projected to grow from 52,000 tons in 2025 to nearly 79,000 tons by 2030
Similarly, solar tracking systems and energy storage systems are creating secondary demand for NdFeB magnets through precision motors and control systems.
The NdFeB Market is therefore becoming structurally linked to global decarbonization investment cycles rather than traditional electronics demand cycles.
Industrial Automation and Robotics Expanding NdFeB Market Application Base
Industrial automation is becoming a significant growth pillar for the NdFeB Market as robotics adoption accelerates across manufacturing sectors. High torque density motors and precision servo systems rely heavily on NdFeB magnets for performance efficiency.
Global industrial robot installations are projected to exceed:
- 720,000 units annually by 2026
- Over 1 million annual installations by 2030
Each industrial robot typically uses between 2 kg and 4 kg of NdFeB magnets, depending on payload capacity and number of servo motors.
For example:
- Articulated robots used in automotive manufacturing may use 3.5 kg magnets
- Collaborative robots (cobots) typically use 1–2 kg
Automation density is also increasing:
- Robot density expected to reach 195 units per 10,000 manufacturing workers by 2027
- Electronics manufacturing automation projected to grow NdFeB Market demand by 12.4% annually
Factory digitalization investments further strengthen this trend. Smart factories require precision motion control systems, linear actuators, and automated guided vehicles (AGVs), all of which rely on NdFeB magnets.
AGV production alone is projected to grow from approximately 165,000 units in 2025 to over 310,000 units by 2030, contributing incremental NdFeB Market consumption.
This diversification reduces dependence of the NdFeB Market on consumer electronics cycles and shifts demand toward capital equipment investment cycles.
Supply Chain Localization and Rare Earth Security Reshaping NdFeB Market Structure
Supply chain risk management is becoming a defining structural trend in the NdFeB Market. China currently accounts for approximately:
- Over 85% rare earth magnet processing
- Nearly 90% NdFeB magnet sintering capacity
This concentration is prompting strategic investments in alternative supply chains.
For example:
- North America rare earth magnet capacity expected to increase from 4,000 tons in 2025 to over 18,000 tons by 2030
- European domestic NdFeB production expected to grow at 14% CAGR through 2032
Government-supported initiatives are accelerating this transition. Incentive programs targeting domestic magnet manufacturing are projected to drive more than USD 6.5 billion in investments globally between 2025 and 2030.
Recycling is also emerging as a structural supply stabilizer within the NdFeB Market.
Key recycling projections include:
- End-of-life magnet recycling expected to reach 24,000 tons annually by 2032
- Manufacturing scrap recovery rates expected to exceed 92% by 2028
For instance, magnet recovery from EV motors is expected to become commercially viable as first-generation EV fleets reach retirement cycles after 8–12 years of use.
Material substitution strategies are also emerging:
- Reduction of heavy rare earth usage projected to lower dysprosium intensity by 18% by 2030
- Grain boundary diffusion technology improving magnet efficiency by 7–11%
These structural adjustments indicate the NdFeB Market is transitioning from a cost-driven supply chain toward a resilience-driven supply model.
Consumer Electronics Miniaturization Supporting NdFeB Market Volume Stability
Despite diversification into energy and automotive sectors, consumer electronics remain a foundational demand contributor to the NdFeB Market. Smartphones, wearables, and audio devices continue to require miniaturized high-strength magnets.
Device production forecasts include:
- Smartphone production projected to reach 1.32 billion units in 2026
- True wireless earbuds projected to exceed 620 million units annually by 2027
- Wearable device shipments projected to grow at 9.8% CAGR through 2030
Each smartphone typically uses 8–15 NdFeB micro magnets, while wireless earbuds may use 4–6 micro magnets per device.
For instance:
- Haptic feedback systems use NdFeB magnets for vibration motors
- Camera autofocus modules use precision magnets
- Audio speakers use compact NdFeB drivers
Although magnet quantity per device is small, volume production creates substantial aggregate demand for the NdFeB Market.
Technological evolution is also increasing magnet value per device:
- Foldable smartphones increasing magnet content by approximately 12–18%
- AR/VR devices projected to increase high precision magnet demand by 14% annually
This segment provides baseline volume stability even during industrial investment cycles, helping balance cyclical fluctuations in other sectors.
The NdFeB Market Size contribution from electronics is expected to remain stable near 22–25% share through 2030, even as EV and energy sectors gain share.
NdFeB Market Geographical Demand Analysis
The NdFeB Market demonstrates strong geographical demand concentration in Asia Pacific, followed by Europe and North America, reflecting the distribution of electric vehicle manufacturing, wind energy installations, and electronics production clusters. In 2026, Asia Pacific is projected to account for nearly 71% of NdFeB Market consumption, driven by China, Japan, South Korea, and emerging Southeast Asian manufacturing hubs.
For instance, China alone is expected to consume nearly 162,000 metric tons of NdFeB magnets in 2026, supported by EV production exceeding 9.8 million units and wind power additions surpassing 95 GW annually. Similarly, Japan continues to maintain strong NdFeB Market demand due to its robotics industry, where robot production is projected to grow 7.5% annually through 2029.
Europe is projected to account for approximately 14.8% NdFeB Market demand in 2026, supported by EV transition policies. For example:
- Germany EV production expected to exceed 9 million units in 2026
- France EV penetration projected to reach 31% of new vehicle sales
- Offshore wind additions projected to exceed 18 GW annually by 2027
North America is also showing structural NdFeB Market demand expansion, particularly due to domestic EV battery and motor manufacturing investments. The United States alone is projected to increase NdFeB magnet consumption by 11.6% annually through 2030, driven by domestic EV assembly capacity expected to exceed 5.2 million units annually by 2028.
This geographical distribution confirms that the NdFeB Market is increasingly aligned with electrification industrial clusters rather than traditional electronics manufacturing hubs alone.
NdFeB Market Regional Production Concentration
Production concentration remains highly skewed in the NdFeB Market, with China maintaining dominant control over rare earth refining and magnet manufacturing. In 2025, China is estimated to control approximately:
- 87% of global NdFeB magnet output
- 92% of rare earth separation capacity
- Nearly 85% of sintered NdFeB magnet manufacturing
For instance, Chinese NdFeB Market manufacturing capacity is projected to exceed 310,000 metric tons by 2026, compared to less than 52,000 metric tons combined capacity outside China.
However, regional diversification is gradually emerging. For example:
- Vietnam NdFeB magnet capacity projected to grow 18% annually through 2030
- India magnet assembly sector projected to grow 5% CAGR
- US domestic magnet production capacity expected to quadruple between 2025 and 2030
Europe is also building strategic NdFeB Market supply chains, particularly in Estonia and Germany, where rare earth refining and magnet fabrication projects are expected to reduce import dependence by nearly 9% by 2032.
This indicates the NdFeB Market production structure is slowly transitioning toward regional supply resilience, although full diversification remains a long-term objective.
NdFeB Production Trend and Statistics in NdFeB Market
NdFeB production continues to expand steadily as demand from EVs and renewable energy accelerates. Global NdFeB production is projected to reach approximately 295,000 metric tons in 2026, compared to around 268,000 metric tons in 2025, reflecting nearly **10% annual expansion.
NdFeB production capacity additions are primarily concentrated in high-coercivity magnet grades used in traction motors. For instance, NdFeB production of automotive grade magnets is expected to grow 13.2% annually through 2030.
Recycling is also contributing to NdFeB production supply growth. Recovered materials are projected to contribute nearly 11,500 tons of NdFeB production in 2026, rising steadily as recycling technology improves.
China remains the largest contributor to NdFeB production, accounting for nearly 258,000 metric tons of NdFeB production in 2026, while the rest of the world collectively contributes approximately 37,000 metric tons of NdFeB production.
Heavy rare earth optimized NdFeB production is also increasing as manufacturers attempt to reduce dysprosium usage while maintaining magnet performance.
Overall, NdFeB production expansion remains closely tied to EV motor manufacturing capacity, suggesting continued capacity additions through at least 2032.
NdFeB Market Segmentation by Magnet Type
The NdFeB Market is segmented primarily into sintered NdFeB magnets and bonded NdFeB magnets, with sintered magnets dominating due to higher magnetic strength.
In 2026:
- Sintered magnets projected to account for 87% NdFeB Market revenue
- Bonded magnets projected to hold nearly 13% share
For instance, sintered magnets are preferred in EV traction motors due to their superior magnetic energy product exceeding 50 MGOe, while bonded magnets are commonly used in consumer electronics where complex shapes are required.
Bonded magnets are projected to grow slightly faster due to increasing use in micro motors and sensors, with growth projected at 9.2% CAGR, compared to 8.1% for sintered magnets.
NdFeB Market Segmentation Highlights
NdFeB Market segmentation trends include:
By Product Type
- Sintered NdFeB magnets – dominant share due to EV applications
- Bonded NdFeB magnets – fastest growth in electronics
By Application
- Electric vehicles – projected 38% NdFeB Market share by 2027
- Wind energy – projected 21% share
- Consumer electronics – approximately 23% share
- Industrial motors – nearly 11% share
- Medical devices – emerging segment with 7% growth
By Grade
- Standard grade magnets
- High coercivity magnets
- High temperature magnets
By End Use Industry
- Automotive
- Energy
- Industrial manufacturing
- Electronics
- Healthcare equipment
These segmentation patterns show the NdFeB Market is transitioning toward energy transition applications as primary revenue contributors.
NdFeB Market Application-Based Demand Structure
Application diversification is strengthening the NdFeB Market stability profile. Automotive and energy sectors combined are projected to contribute more than 57% of total NdFeB Market revenue by 2028, compared to approximately **46% in 2024.
For example:
Electric mobility growth indicators include:
- Global EV motor production projected to grow 16% annually
- Traction motor efficiency improvements increasing magnet intensity per motor by 6–9%
Wind energy growth indicators include:
- Offshore wind turbine size increasing average magnet consumption per installation by 22% since 2023
- Direct drive adoption increasing magnet intensity by nearly 35% compared to geared turbines
Industrial motor electrification is another NdFeB Market growth area. High efficiency IE4 and IE5 motors are projected to increase NdFeB magnet adoption by 10.3% annually due to regulatory efficiency mandates.
Medical technology is also emerging as a specialized NdFeB Market segment. MRI compatible micro motors and surgical robotics are projected to increase magnet consumption by 8.9% CAGR through 2031.
This diversification demonstrates that the NdFeB Market is no longer dependent on a single industry cycle, instead benefiting from multi-sector growth convergence.
NdFeB Price Dynamics in NdFeB Market
NdFeB Price movements remain closely tied to rare earth oxide price fluctuations, particularly neodymium and praseodymium (NdPr) inputs. In 2025, average NdFeB Price levels are estimated between USD 68/kg and USD 92/kg depending on grade and coercivity.
High temperature automotive grades command premiums. For example:
- Standard grade NdFeB Price averages around USD 70/kg
- EV motor grade magnets may reach USD 95/kg
- Heavy rare earth enhanced magnets may exceed USD 110/kg
Cost structure breakdown influencing NdFeB Price includes:
- Raw materials – approximately 62% cost share
- Processing – approximately 21%
- Finishing and coating – nearly 9%
- Logistics and compliance – about 8%
Volatility remains linked to rare earth mining output. For instance, a 12% increase in NdPr oxide prices during 2025 translated into approximately 6.8% NdFeB Price increases.
This indicates the NdFeB Market continues to operate under raw material cost sensitivity rather than purely demand-driven pricing.
NdFeB Price Trend Analysis in NdFeB Market
The NdFeB Price Trend between 2025 and 2028 indicates moderate upward pressure driven by EV demand growth and supply diversification costs. The NdFeB Price Trend is projected to show annual increases of approximately 3.8% to 5.6% depending on rare earth supply conditions.
For example:
- 2025 average NdFeB Price estimated near USD 74/kg
- 2026 projected near USD 78/kg
- 2027 projected near USD 82/kg
The NdFeB Price Trend also reflects technology improvements. Grain boundary diffusion technology is helping reduce heavy rare earth usage, helping stabilize NdFeB Price increases.
Recycling is also moderating NdFeB Price Trend volatility. Secondary material supply is projected to offset nearly 6% of primary rare earth demand by 2029, reducing price shocks.
Regional NdFeB Price differences also exist:
- Asia average NdFeB Price approximately 4–7% lower due to integrated supply chains
- Europe NdFeB Price approximately 6–11% higher due to compliance costs
- North America NdFeB Price approximately 5–9% higher due to localization investments
Overall, the NdFeB Price Trend suggests gradual appreciation rather than sharp volatility due to supply diversification and recycling improvements.
NdFeB Market Price Outlook and Cost Optimization Trends
Cost optimization strategies are becoming central to NdFeB Market competitiveness. Manufacturers are focusing on reducing rare earth intensity while maintaining performance characteristics.
For instance:
- Heavy rare earth reduction technologies projected to lower material costs by 5–8%
- Advanced magnet shaping techniques reducing machining losses by 11–14%
- Automation in magnet finishing improving yield by 6–10%
Future NdFeB Price stabilization is expected as new rare earth projects begin production between 2027 and 2030. These projects are expected to increase global rare earth supply by approximately 14%, potentially moderating NdFeB Price increases.
Digital supply chain management is also improving cost predictability. AI-based procurement optimization is projected to reduce NdFeB Market procurement cost volatility by nearly 4% annually.
These developments indicate that the NdFeB Market is gradually transitioning toward cost efficiency and supply resilience rather than speculative pricing cycles.
NdFeB Market Leading Manufacturers Overview
The NdFeB Market shows a moderately consolidated competitive structure where the top manufacturers account for a significant share of global production due to strong control over rare earth processing, magnet technology development, and large-scale manufacturing infrastructure. The competitive environment is shaped by companies specializing in automotive traction magnets, wind turbine magnets, and precision magnets for electronics and automation sectors.
The NdFeB Market is largely dominated by Chinese producers due to their integrated rare earth ecosystem, while Japanese manufacturers maintain leadership in high-performance magnet technology. Meanwhile, North American and European players are focusing on localized supply chains and recycled magnet production to establish strategic independence.
Major companies active in the NdFeB Market include JL MAG Rare-Earth, Zhong Ke San Huan, Ningbo Yunsheng, Hengdian Group DMEGC Magnetics, Proterial (formerly Hitachi Metals), Shin-Etsu Chemical, Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan, and Noveon Magnetics.
These companies compete primarily on magnet performance, supply reliability, cost optimization, and long-term EV supply contracts.
NdFeB Market Share by Manufacturers
The NdFeB Market share distribution indicates that the top manufacturers maintain strong influence due to technology leadership and high capital investment barriers. The top five companies are estimated to control approximately 40% of the NdFeB Market in 2026, while the top ten companies collectively account for nearly 58% to 62% of total global supply.
JL MAG Rare-Earth is estimated to hold around 8–10% NdFeB Market share, supported by strong supply relationships with electric vehicle motor manufacturers and wind turbine OEMs. Zhong Ke San Huan is estimated to account for approximately 7–8% share, driven by electronics and renewable energy applications.
Ningbo Yunsheng is projected to maintain nearly 6–7% NdFeB Market share, supported by strong automotive magnet manufacturing. Hengdian DMEGC Magnetics is estimated to account for approximately 5–6% share, driven by industrial motors and electronics applications.
Japanese manufacturers such as Proterial and Shin-Etsu Chemical collectively contribute approximately 6–9% of NdFeB Market share, largely concentrated in high-coercivity magnets used in hybrid vehicles and advanced industrial applications.
Smaller specialty manufacturers together account for nearly 12–15% of the NdFeB Market, primarily through customized magnet production for robotics, medical devices, and aerospace electronics.
The NdFeB Market structure indicates that scale advantages remain critical in commodity magnet segments, while technology specialization defines leadership in high-margin applications.
NdFeB Market Manufacturer Product Positioning
Product differentiation within the NdFeB Market is largely based on magnet grade, thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and application-specific engineering.
JL MAG Rare-Earth focuses strongly on high-performance EV traction motor magnets including N48H, N50M, and N52 grade sintered NdFeB magnets designed for high torque density applications. The company also produces large segment magnets designed for offshore wind turbine generators.
Zhong Ke San Huan focuses on precision NdFeB magnets used in consumer electronics, including miniature magnets used in smartphone camera modules, vibration motors, and acoustic systems. The company also produces industrial servo motor magnets supporting factory automation growth.
Ningbo Yunsheng concentrates on automotive and industrial NdFeB Market applications, particularly sintered magnets for electric power steering systems, ABS motors, and EV traction motors. The company also produces bonded NdFeB magnets for sensor applications.
Proterial focuses on high temperature NdFeB magnets capable of operating above 180°C, targeting hybrid vehicles, aerospace components, and industrial drive systems requiring extreme durability.
Shin-Etsu Chemical focuses on high precision magnets used in semiconductor manufacturing equipment, robotics, and advanced automation systems.
Noveon Magnetics focuses on recycled NdFeB magnets produced from end-of-life electric motors and electronics. This positioning supports sustainability initiatives within the NdFeB Market and aligns with circular economy requirements emerging in automotive supply chains.
This product specialization shows that the NdFeB Market is becoming segmented between high volume automotive magnets and high margin specialty magnets.
NdFeB Market Competitive Strategy Developments
Strategic positioning in the NdFeB Market is increasingly defined by supply chain integration and technological differentiation. Manufacturers are expanding upstream investments into rare earth refining and alloy processing to secure raw material availability.
For instance, magnet manufacturers are entering long-term supply agreements with EV motor producers, ensuring stable demand visibility for five to ten years. This is particularly important as EV production is projected to grow at double-digit rates through 2032.
Technology innovation is another competitive pillar in the NdFeB Market. Manufacturers are investing in grain boundary diffusion processes that reduce heavy rare earth usage by nearly 15–20%, improving cost efficiency while maintaining magnet performance.
Automation is also becoming a competitive factor. Smart magnet manufacturing facilities are improving yield rates by approximately 5–8%, reducing production losses and improving profitability.
Recycling is also emerging as a strategic differentiator. Companies focusing on recycled NdFeB magnets are gaining preference among automotive OEMs attempting to reduce Scope-3 emissions across supply chains.
These strategic developments indicate that the NdFeB Market is transitioning toward technology-driven competition rather than purely cost-driven competition.
NdFeB Market Share Gains by Emerging Players
Emerging companies are capturing NdFeB Market share through niche specialization strategies rather than competing directly with large-scale Chinese producers.
For instance, specialized magnet producers are focusing on:
- Medical micro motors
- Defense electronics
- Space systems
- Robotics actuators
- Aerospace sensors
These niche segments are growing between 8% and 13% annually, allowing smaller producers to achieve higher margins compared to commodity magnet suppliers.
Regional producers in India and Southeast Asia are also entering the NdFeB Market through magnet assembly operations, particularly supplying appliance motors and small industrial motors.
Recycling-focused companies are projected to increase their NdFeB Market contribution from approximately 3% in 2025 to nearly 8% by 2033, reflecting increasing EV retirement cycles and magnet recovery improvements.
This demonstrates that circular material flows may become a structural competitive factor in the NdFeB Market over the next decade.
NdFeB Market Recent Industry Developments
Recent developments show the NdFeB Market is entering a capacity expansion phase aligned with electrification demand growth.
2025 – EV supply chain expansion
Several magnet manufacturers expanded production capacity to meet rising EV motor demand, particularly for high coercivity magnets used in next generation vehicle platforms.
Late 2025 – Recycling commercialization
Recycled NdFeB magnet projects moved toward commercial scale production, particularly targeting recovery from electric vehicle motors and industrial drives.
Early 2026 – Technology innovation investments
Manufacturers increased investment in heavy rare earth reduction technologies to improve cost stability and reduce geopolitical supply risk.
2026 – Capacity localization
New magnet plants announced in North America and Europe focusing on automotive supply contracts and renewable energy projects.
2025–2026 – Long term OEM agreements
Magnet producers increasingly signed multi-year supply agreements with EV and wind turbine manufacturers to secure long-term revenue stability.